What is the primary characteristic of early stun devices compared to modern CEWs?

Early stun devices are characterized primarily by their effectiveness in causing pain, which often did not translate into reliable incapacitation of subjects. These devices typically relied on high-voltage, low-current electricity to create a painful sensation, aiming to overwhelm the nervous system. However, this approach did not consistently lead to the complete physical incapacitation seen in modern Conducted Energy Weapons (CEWs), which are designed to target both motor and sensory nerves to achieve a more effective immobilization.

The understanding of neuromuscular effects has evolved, with modern CEWs using a more sophisticated technology that includes features like multiple electrified darts to deliver current in a manner that overrides motor functions effectively. This is a distinct shift from earlier stun devices, which primarily relied on the painful aspect of the shock rather than ensuring an immediate response to control and incapacitate a subject effectively.

This background highlights the advancement from early devices that mainly induced pain, often leaving individuals still capable of resisting or continuing aggressive actions, to modern CEWs that aim for a comprehensive response, ensuring a higher likelihood of incapacitating a subject.